Francesco Bavato and Boris B. Quednow from the Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich of the University of Zurich caution that the growing popularity of ketamine – both as a medical treatment and recreational drug – may come with underestimated risks. In a recent commentary published in European Neuropsychopharmacology, they explore the drug’s rising use and highlight emerging concerns around its addictive potential.
Originally developed as an anesthetic, ketamine has gained attention in recent years for its fast-acting antidepressant effects. However, its perception-altering properties have also made it popular for non-medical use – not only in Europe, but also in countries such as Australia, the United States, and China. The authors argue that while ketamine is not typically seen as highly addictive, increasing patterns of recreational use suggest a growing risk of uncontrolled use – meaning use in high or repeated doses that exceed clinical recommendations. This trend raises concern because the drug’s rewarding effects, combined with its short duration of action, may encourage frequent re-dosing. This, in turn, may lead to patterns of compulsive use and dependence, associated with health problems including cognitive impairment, psychotic symptoms, and urinary tract dysfunction.
Bavato and Quednow call for a more cautious approach to ketamine’s expanding role. They urge health professionals and policymakers to monitor use patterns more closely and to proactively inform the public about the risks of non-medical consumption. As ketamine gains ground in clinical and recreational settings, the authors remind us that its glittering promise should not obscure the potential for harm.
Reference: Francesco Bavato, Boris B. Quednow, Ketamine addiction in Europe: Any risks on the horizons?, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume 94, 2025, Pages 39-40, ISSN 0924-977X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2025.02.015
Useful links:
- Boris and Francesco’s Website: https://www.dapp.uzh.ch/en/cfpr/researchgroups/researchgroups/experimental.html
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